Racism And African Americans Essays - Slavery In The United States

Racism And African Americans Did Racism cause enslavement of African Americans? Did Racism cause enslavement of African Americans? To answer this question you have to determine what a slave is? And what Racism is? By my views and believes, slavery is any type of duty somebody does for you. You own them so they work for you otherwise they will get punished. Now Racism is a negative attitude towards another race. After these to words are cleared up you come to a conclusion that racism in the 17th century caused enslavement of African Americans. To believe this you have to look at the history left for us to read. The court papers, and journals of people back in the 17th century. The first blacks arrived at Jamestown in 1619, they were from Africa and there were 20 of them, (C. Degler pg 64) there were probably Africans in the Virginia colony before that famous ship in 1619. What the Africans are seeing is a wilderness, forested plains, teeming waters, empty land. They have come to a place that is undeveloped in the way that Europeans envision that development. So what do the English men do, they put to work the Africans immediately. The Africans were sent to cut the trees to pick up the stones. To move the boundaries to level land, put crops in, fish, hunt, to do all the necessary labors that settlement and society demand. This was the slaves life, and if they did not cooperate than they were punish. Now reading different history facts I found that these 20 African Americans were from indentured servitude (servants contracted to work for a set amount of time) ( C Degler pg 67) to racial slavery did not happen overnight. There are no laws regarding slavery early in US history. By 1640, the Jamestown courts had sentenced at least one black servant to slavery. Because of his race ethnicity he was punished harder than the whites. This is called racism. John Punch was one the three servants working for a farmer and ran away to Maryland. Two were white; one was black. They were captured in Maryland and returned to Jamestown, where the court sentenced all three to thirty lashes. This was considered a severe punishment even by the standards of 17th century. The two white men were sentenced to an additional four years of servitude. The strong punishment for whites, but in addition to the whipping, the black man John Punch was ordered to serve his master or his assigns for the time of his natural Life here or elsewhere. (C Degler pg 65) Because he was a different color John Punch no longer had hope for freedom. Why, because he was African and was braking the law of the land at the time. The grounds for this harsh sentence presumably lay in the fact that he was non-Christian rather than in the fact that he was physically dark. But religious beliefs could change, while skin color could not. Within a generation race, religion was not being made the defining characteristic of enslaved Africans. Because the defining characteristics of Africans it lead to the terrible transformation to racial slavery. What were needed in Jamestown were laborers. Or what we call slaves to clear fields, to plant and harvest crops. During the 1620s and 1630s, when the price of tobacco was high and English workers had too few jobs available at home, Jamestown offered jobs to the few English workers that came over. Then after 1660 the value of tobacco dropped and the Great Plague reduced England's population. In addition, a terrible fire in London destroyed much of the city and created new jobs at home for English construction workers of all sorts. No longer able to lure their own countrymen, Jamestown looked toward African labor, following the pattern established by the Spanish and Portuguese more than a century before. African labor was cheap and Africans were being captured from their homeland and were sent to work at towns like Jamestown. Because the Africans were not Christians, Africans could be forced to work for the rest of their lives and be punished with impunity. Moreover, the color of their skin (race) set them apart,

6 Steps to Becoming a Dental Assistant

6 Steps to Becoming a Dental Assistant If you’ve had a dental appointment recently, odds are a dental assistant helped you schedule the appointment, took your X-rays, explained your procedure, and, behind the scenes, sterilized instruments, ordered supplies, prepared the instrument trays, and maintained your treatment records! DAs need to have excellent communication skills in order to set people at ease. They must also be organized, proficient writers, and prepared for the rigors of a full-time job that may require some evening hours.So how do you get there?Step 1: High School PreparationWhether you’re reading this as a high school student or as a graduate with some holes in your coursework to fill, you should make sure you have  the basics covered:  Science classes, Communication and writing courses, and Business management classes will all help prepare you.Step 2: Get Dental Assisting TrainingDental Assistant Certificate Program: 3 months – 1 yearDental Assistant Associate’s Degree progr am: 2 yearsStep 3: Complete an Externship (Optional)This can be a great way to get your feet wet on the job and to find out if you like the work and the responsibilities you’d have if you went pro. Externships  also give you the opportunity to develop a speciality within dentistry, like orthodontics, pediatrics, or prosthodontics.Step 4: Get LicensedWhile the requirements vary from state to state, the most common ones are 1) completion of an accredited postsecondary educational program and 2)  successfully completion of a practical or written exam.Step 5: Get a CertificationSince requirements vary from state to state, there are a variety of certification options you can pursue. They all require different investments of time and money, so you should explore each of them and see which one is right for you.National Entry Level Dental Assistant (NELDAâ„ ¢)Certified Orthodontic Assistant (COA ®)Certified Dental Assistantâ„ ¢ (CDA ®)Certified Restorative Functions Den tal Assistant (CRFDA ®)Certified Preventive Functions Dental Assistant (CPFDA ®)Step 6: Advance Your Career (Optional)Consider joining an association or pursuing additional certifications that will boost your profile as a dental assistant. You can also apply your existing credits and time logged towards a dental hygienist degree if you’re interested in moving onwards and upwards.  How to Become a Dental Assistant  Read More at careerswiki.com

College Essays vs. Scholarship Essays: 4 Key Differences

Applying to college is a huge amount of work. On top of that, you may be applying for scholarships to help ease the financial burden of your tuition and other expenses. Many scholarship applications require essays—and these are in addition to the essays you’re already writing for your college applications. So, what’s the difference? Can you use the same essay or parts of it for both purposes? Read on to find out. College essays help adcoms get a sense of students’ personalities. They want to see whether you’re a good fit with their institution and student body and what you will contribute. That’s why tone is so important—you need to convey that you’ll mesh well with the school and understand what that means. Find out more in What Is a College Personal Statement? . Meanwhile, scholarship committees are looking for students who stand for the interests of the organization and will represent it well. These organizations often align with and support particular talents, industries, demographics, or causes, so the students to whom they award scholarships must embody these ideals as well. For example, there are scholarships for first-generation students , Hispanic/Latino students , and STEM scholars . Your essay must demonstrate that you believe in the mission the organization represents. Many colleges use the Common or Coalition applications, and their prompts are often very broad. You’ll also have a choice of topic. Many colleges also have school-specific supplemental essays , whose topics can be a bit more narrow, such as asking you why you want to attend that particular school . Scholarship prompts tend to be more specific and focused on the organization and its mission. For example, Digital Responsibility’s Don’t Text and Drive Scholarship asks you to complete the statement â€Å" I pledge to not text and drive because†¦ † in 140 characters. Since college essays are about you and how you’ll fit in at the school, you’ll need to do some brainstorming to generate broad ideas around which to center your statement. Check out Where to Begin: 3 Personal Essay Brainstorming Exercises for ideas. For scholarship essays, you want to demonstrate that you agree with the company philosophy. That means you need to do some research to understand what that philosophy is and incorporate the organization’s ideals. Often, you can find out a lot by simply browsing the organization’s website and social media accounts and finding stories and examples of current and past projects. College essays tend to be on the longer side. The Common App has a 650-word maximum for its main essay, while the Coalition Application allows 300-550 words. Scholarship essays tend to be shorter, usually under 500 words. Sometimes the essays are even shorter still, as with the Don’t Text and Drive example. And, of course, some scholarships don’t require essays at all. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Both your college essays and scholarship essays should represent you and what you stand for. Even though scholarship essays are usually about a cause that the organization sponsoring the award supports, if you’re applying for it, you should believe in that cause as well. Of course, it goes without saying that you should be the one actually writing the essays as well. Your essays need to be well-written. You should make use of rhetorical devices and other language tools, as well as follow grammatical rules . Make sure to read over all your essays and get second opinions. At the end of the day, both adcoms and scholarship committees want to get to know you through your writing. Taking care to understand the institution or organization and truly representing your authentic self will come through, so put in the effort. It really counts! Looking for help with your college applications? Check out our College Application Guidance Program . When you sign up for our program, we carefully pair you with the perfect admissions specialist based on your current academic and extracurricular profile and the schools in which you’re interested. Your personal specialist will help you with branding, essays, and interviews, and provide you with support and guidance in all other aspects of the application process.

Custody Synapsis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Custody Synapsis - Research Paper Example The case will be evaluated based upon the information presented. Jane and John had been married for several years and were divorced due to incompatibility one year ago. Jane and John share one child, Anna, who is three years old. Currently John is the custodial and residential parent of three year old Anna, having been awarded custody in the divorce proceeding by the previous judge. Jane was granted regular, unsupervised visitation with Anna. John is now asking the court to grant permanent supervised visitation for the mother Jane due to strange behavior he indicates Anna is exhibiting. In response to John’s request, Jane is asking the court for a change of custody making him the custodial and residential parent. John, the Plaintiff is asking the court to grant permanent supervised visitation for Jane due to sexual abuse allegations. The sexual abuse allegations came from an incident that happened two months ago. Anna was playing at his mother’s home when she suddenly bent over, dropped her underwear and continued to put her fingers up to her private parts saying â€Å"my mommy hurt my butt and body daddy.† Concerned, John calls children services and reports the daughter’s behavior. Children’s services workers come to his home and John tells them about the incident, while Anna is playing quietly in her room. John is not only concerned about the incident but also some of Anna’s behaviors that have been disturbing him for some time, Anna has, on three different occasions, been observed trying to insert foreign objects in to her private areas, has been dropping her underwear and saying â€Å"look at my butt†, and has taken the water hose and pushed it u p against her genital area. These behaviors took place in various settings with and without John present. These are some of the witnesses to these behaviors Anna’s Aunt, Anna’s paternal grandmother and grandfather, John’s girlfriend, and in front of John’s good friend. John has responded

Brief a case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brief a case - Assignment Example The nephew assigned Louisa Hamer (P) the funds. P brought suit against the executor of Willian E. Story (the uncle) estate, Franklin Sidway (D). During the judgment, the case was ruled in favor of P but later on appeal reversed in favor of D. P appealed (1967). Yes. Mere abstention from a legal conduct that is permissible is sufficient consideration to seal a promise that is based on forbearance of a valid contract. Consideration is not taken as a benefit to the person who promises. When a someone’s offer is ambiguous regarding whether accepting it shall be in form of exchange of promises or performance, determining if the person who offered was indifferent to whether accepting be in form of performance or promise is realized by interpreting the language for the offer under the circumstances it was given. According to the court’s rule concerning this case, the language of the offer was clear that the uncle sought acceptance not by a promise to perform but by performance. D argued that the contract was not valid for it did not have consideration, and there is no consideration unless there is a benefit to the person who promised. Refraining from a thing that someone is entitled to do is enough to create an enforceable contract. Under the bargain test for consideration, Hamer forbearance was somehow a benefit to Sidway and a detriment to him. D benefited by having his nephew refraining from a conduct he did not like and P faced a detriment by denying himself the conduct’s

Regaining Control in Anna Karenina Essay -- Tolstoy Anna Karenina Essa

Regaining Control in Anna Karenina Anna Karenina features significant clusters of scenes, all of which describe notable moments in the development of the novel's major figures. One of the most important clusters is when Anna travels to see Vronsky. On her way her perceptions change; she throws her "searchlight" upon herself. Arriving at the next station she sees the rails and knows what must be done. Anna has had control over her own life taken away from her, due to the societal limitations on her choices as a woman. She becomes resentful of the society she lives in, and turns that frustration on the unsympathetic Vronsky, who retains his own freedom as well as control over her own happiness. She is too proud and passionate to live in subordination, as Dolly Oblonsky does. Anna cannot conceive of going on indefinitely as she has been, and at the same time can take no pleasure from contemplation of her past, or her future, which holds no prospect of change. Feeling trapped and untrue to her own unwanted desires, she begins to see the entire world as a wretched place populated by miserable, entrapped individuals just like herself. Through death alone, she feels she can secure a place in Vronsky's heart. Death is also the only decision that she is free to carry out on her own. The place that Anna occupies is like that of a child, making up tasks for herself to fill the time, while others make the decisions that affect her life. Anna tries to interest herself with educating the English girl, writing a children's book, but these are all distractions from the fact that she has nowhere to go. Oblonsky and Karenin meet to try to settle the question of Anna's future, without inviting Anna to plead for herself or otherwise a... ...bout whether or not the maidservant will remember to put clean sheets on the guests' beds. But neither of these women's roles are true to her own desires. To stay on this earth is to place control of her life in the hands of a man whom she is not certain loves her. Anna's decision is incomprehensible to Madame Vronsky: "Can you understand these desperate passions?" (812). But from our view of Anna's mental landscape, we can understand them all too well. Works Cited Jahn, Gary R. â€Å"The Images of the Railroad in Anna Karenina,† Slavic and East European Journal 2 (1981): 1-10. Mandelker, Amy. â€Å"Feminist Criticism and Anna Karenina.† Tolstoy Studies Journal III (1990): 82-103 Nitze, Paul H. & Foreword. The Complete Idiots Guide to Leo Tolstoy. London: Henry Z. Walck, 1994. Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina. Trans. Joel Carmichael. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1960.

Colligative Properties

Name: JOANNA CELESTE M. QUINTANA Date performed: NOV. 12, 2012 Section: C-1L Date submitted: NOV. 21, 2012 Group Number: 3 Exercise No. 2 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (Full Report) I. INTRODUCTION Colligative properties In liquid solutions, particles are close together and the solute molecules or ions disrupt intermolecular forces between the solvent molecules, causing changes in those properties of the solvent that depend in intermolecular attraction. For example, the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the of the pure solvent and the boiling point is higher.Colligative properties of solution are those that depend on the concentration of solute particles in the solution, regardless of what kinds of particles are present the greater the concentration of any solute, the lower the freezing point and the higher the boiling point of a solution. FREEZING POINT LOWERING A liquid begins to freeze when temperature is lowered to the substance’s freezing point and the first few molecules cluster together into a crystal lattice to form a tiny quantity of solid.As long as both solid and liquid phases are present at the freezing point, the rate of crystallization equals the rate of melting and there is a dynamic equilibrium. When a solution freezes, a few molecules of solvent cluster together to form pure solid solvent and a dynamic equilibrium is set up between the solution and the solid solvent. In the case of a solution, the molecules in the liquid in contact with the solid solvent are not all solvent molecule.The rate at which molecules move from solution to solid is therefore smaller that in the pure liquid to achieve dynamic equilibrium there must be a corresponding smaller rate of escape of molecules from solid crystal lattice. This slower rate occurs at a lower temperature and so the freezing point of the solution is lower than that of liquid solvent. The change in freezing point ? Tf is proportional to the concentration of the solute in the same way as the boiling point elevation. ?Tf = Kf ? msolute ? ?soluteHere also, the proportionality constant Kf depends on the solvent and not the kind of solute and isolute represents the number of particles per formula unti of solute. For water, the freezing point constant is -1. 86 oC-kg/mole. Freezing point or melting point is the temperature of transition between solid and liquid. Melting point can be measured more accurately than freezing points. This is becauses so in freezing point measurements, supercooling may occur which would yield a lower than sslkdjs freezing (melting point).CHANGES IN VAPOUR PRESSURE: RAOULT’S LAW At the surface of an aqueous solution, there are molecules of water as well as ions or molecules from the solute. Water molecules can leave the liquid and enter the gas phase, exerting a vapour pressure. However, there are not as many water molecules at the surface as in pure water, because some of them have been displaced by dissolved ions or molecules/ ther efore, not as many water molecules are available to leave the liquid surface, and the vapour pressure is lower than that of pure water at a given temperature.From this analysis, it should make senses that the vapour pressure of the solovent above the solution, Psolvent, solution, that is , to their mole fraction. Thus, since Psolvent ? Xsolvent, we can write Psolvent = Xsolvent ? K (where K is a constant). This equation tells you that, if there are only half as many solvent molecules present at the surface of a solution as at the surface of the pure liquid, then the vapour pressure of the solvent above the solution will only be half as great as that of the pure solvent at the same temperature. If we are dealing only with pure solvent, the above equation becomes Posolvent = Xsolvent ?K where Posolvent is the vapour pressure of the pure solvent and Xsolvent is equal to 1. This means that Posolvent = K; that is, the constant K is just the vapour pressure of the pure sovent. Substitutin g for K in the foremost equation, we arrive at an equation called Raoult’s law: Psolvent = Xsolvent ? Posolvent If the solution contains more than one volatile component, then Raoult’s law can be written for any one such component, A, as PA = XA ? PoA Like this ideal gas law, Raoult’s law is a description of a simplified model of a solution.An ideal solution is one that obey Raoult’s law/ although most solution are not ideal, just as most gases are not ideal, we use Raoult’s law as good approximation to solution behaviour. In any solution, the mole fraction of the solvent will always be less than 1, so the vapour pressure of the solvent over an ideal solution (Psolvent) must be less than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent (Posolvent). This vapour pressure lowering, ? Psolvent, is given by ? Psolvent = Psolvent ? Posolventwhere Psolvent < Posolvent Boiling point elevationRaoult’s law tells us that the vapour pressure of the solvent over a solution must be lower than that of the pure solvent. Assume for example that you have a solution of a non-volatile solute in the volatile solvent benzene ? ? ? ? II. MATERIALS A. Reagents 4. 00 g naphthalene 0. 20 g unknown solute A unknown solute B (assigned amount per group) distilled water B. Apparatus 250-mL beaker 400-mL beaker 100-mL graduated cylinder test tubes thermometer iron stand, iron ring, iron clamp hot plate C. Other Apparatus wire gauze tissue paper graphing paper timer III. PROCEDURE Freezing Point of NaphthaleneIn a clean and dry test tube, 2. 0 g of naphthalene was weighed. To measure the temperature while heating, a thermometer was suspended by tissue paper at the mouth of the test tube. It was placed in a water bath with the water level above the sample in the test tube. To avoid the contact of the test tube to the bottom of the bath, it was supported by an iron clamp. The water bath was then heated until the entire sample has melted and until the temperatur e of the sample reached 90o C. The flame was put off and the temperature reading was recorded every 15 seconds until the temperature has fallen to 70oC.The set up was put aside for the next part of the experiment. Data gathered were tabulated and plotted for analysis and evaluation. Freezing Point Depression of Naphthalene Pre weighed 0. 20 g of unknown solute A was added to the previous set up of naphthalene. The same procedure was done with it. The thermometer was again suspended at the mouth of the test tube by tissue paper. With the help of iron clamp, it was again placed in a water bath, with the water level above the sample in the test tube, to avoid contact to the bottom of the bath.The water bath was then heated until the entire sample of unknown solute A and naphthalene has melted. When the temperature reached 90oC, the flame was put off. The temperature reading was recorded every 15 seconds until the temperature has fallen to 70oC. Data was also tabulated and plotted toget her with the data from freezing point of naphthalene. Boiling Point of Water In a 250-mL beaker, 100-mL of distilled water was boiled until it completely boiled. The temperature reading was recorded. In a separate 250-mL beaker, 0. 20 g of unknown solute B was dissolved in 100-mL distilled water.This was also heated until it finally boiled. The boiling point was also recorded. It was tabulated together with the boiling points of solutions with varying amounts of solute from other groups. Comparison was made for evaluation of the results. IV. DATA/OBSERVATIONS Table 1. 1. Observations on cooling of naphthalene at 15-second intervals. Time (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590clear liquid 3090clear liquid 4587clear liquid 6086clear liquid 7585clear liquid 9085clear liquid 10584clear liquid 12084clear liquid 13583clear liquid 15083clear liquid 16582clear liquid 18081clear liquid 9581clear liquid 21080clear liquid 22580clear liquid 24079clear liquid 25579clear liquid 27078clear liquid 28577clear liquid 30077clear liquid 31576solidification 33075solidification 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 54075 55575 57075 58575 60075 61575 63075 64574 66074 67574 69074 70574 72073 73573 75073 76572 78072 79571 81070 Mass of naphthalene used (g): 2. 00 g Table 1. 2. Observations on cooling of solution of naphthalene and unknown solute at 15-second interval. Time (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590clear liquid 3090clear liquid 587clear liquid 6086clear liquid 7585clear liquid 9085clear liquid 10584clear liquid 12084clear liquid 13583clear liquid 15083clear liquid 16582clear liquid 18081clear liquid 19581clear liquid 21080clear liquid 22580clear liquid 24079clear liquid 25579clear liquid 27078clear liquid 28577clear liquid 30077clear liquid 31576clear liquid 33075 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 Mass of naphthalene used (g): 2. 00 g mass of unknown solute B (g): 0. 20 g Table 1. 3. Data on freezing point depression of naphthalene. Mass of naphthalene used (g)2. 0 g Mass of unknown solute A used (g)0. 20 g Mass of solution (g)2. 20 g Freezing point of pure naphthalene (oC)75 oC Freezing point of solution (oC)73 oC Freezing point difference of pure naphthalene and of solution (oC) Molality of solution (mol/kg) Moles of solute used (mole) Molecular mass of solute (g/mole) Table 1. 4. Summary of data on boiling points of solutions with varying amounts of solute. Group No. Amount of solute B used (g)Boiling point (oC) –100 10. 5099. 0 21. 0090. 0 31. 5099. 5 42. 0099. 5 52. 50100 V. DISCUSSION ? ? ? ? VI. CONCLUSION ? VII. LITERATURE CITED/BIBLIOGRAPHY